Referatas
Means of transport
“Car”
2005
Walking used to be to most common way to move from one place to an other.
However, postcards often also show the major means of transportations. Some
of them completely disappeared little by little, like the dogs carts, some
others evolved like the bus :
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An automobile is a wheeled vehicle that carries its own motor.
Different types of automobiles include cars, buses, trucks, jeeps, and
vans, with cars being the most popular. The term is derived from Greek
‘autos’ (self) and Latin ‘movére’ (move), referring to the fact that it
‘moves by itself’. Earlier terms for automobile include ‘horseless
carriage’ and ‘motor car’. An automobile has seats for the driver and,
almost without exception, one or more passengers. It is the main source of
transportation across the world.As of 2005 there are 500 million cars worldwide (0.074 per capita), of
which 220 million are located in the United States (0.75 per capita).
The modern automobile
The modern automobile powered by the Otto gasoline engine was invented in
Germany by Carl Benz. Even though Carl Benz is credited with the invention
of the modern automobile several other German engineers work on building
the first automobile at the same time. The inventors are: Carl Benz on July
3, 1886 in Mannheim, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart
(also inventors of the first motor bike) and in 1888/89 German-Austrian
inventor Siegfried Marcus in Vienna.[pic]
Let’s check out more:Nicolaus August Otto
Nicolaus August Otto invented the gas motor engine in 1876.Gottlieb Daimler
In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler invented a gas engine that allowed for a
revolution in car design.Karl Benz (Carl Benz)
Karl Benz was the German mechanical engineer who designed and in 1885 built
the world’s first practical automobile to be powered by an internal-
combustion engine.John Lambert
America’s first gasoline-powered automobile was the 1891 Lambert car
invented by John W. Lambert.Duryea Brothers
They founded America’s first company to manufacture and sell gasoline-
powered vehicles.Henry Ford
Henry Ford improved the assembly line for automobile manufacturing (Model-
T), invented a transmission mechanism, and popularized the gas-powered
automobile.Rudolf Diesel
Rudolf Diesel invented the diesel-fueled internal combustion engine.Charles Franklin Kettering
Charles Franklin Kettering invented the first automobile electrical
ignition system and the first practical engine-driven generator.
Steam powered vehicles
Steam-powered self-propelled cars were devised in the late 18th century.
The first self-propelled car was built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot in 1769—it
could attain speeds of up to 6 km/h. In 1771 he designed another steam-
driven car, which ran so fast that it rammed into a wall, producing the
world’s first car accident.
Combustion engine
In 1807 François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first internal combustion
engine (sometimes abbreviated „ICE“ today). He subsequently used it to
develop the world’s first vehicle to run on such an engine, one that used a
mixture of hydrogen and oxygen to generate energy.This spawned the birth of a number of designs based on the internal
combustion engine in the early nineteenth century with little or no degree
of commercial success. In 1860 thereafter, Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir built
the first successful two-stroke gas driven engine. In 1862 he again built
an experimental vehicle driven by his gas-engine, which ran at a speed of 3
km/h. These cars became popular and by 1865 could be frequently seen on the
roads.The first American automobiles with gasoline-powered internal combustion
engines were completed in 1877 by George Baldwin Selden of Rochester, New
York, who applied for a patent on the automobile in 1879. Selden received
his patent and later sued the Ford Motor company for infringing his patent.
Henry Ford was notoriously against the American patent system, and Selden’s
case against Ford went all the way to the Supreme Court, who ruled that
Ford had to pay a penalty to Selden, but could continue manufacturing
automobiles, because the technology had changed quite a bit by that time.Meanwhile, notable advances in steam power evolved in Birmingham, England
by the Lunar Society. It was here that the term horsepower was first used.
It was in Birmingham also that the first British four wheel petrol-driven
automobiles were built in 1895 by Frederick William Lanchester who also
patented the disc brake in the city. Electric vehicles were produced by a
small number of manufacturers.
Innovation
The first automobile patent in the United States was granted to Oliver
Evans in 1789; in 1804 Evans demonstrated his first successful self-
propelled vehicle, which not only was the first automobile in the USA but
was also the first amphibious vehicle, as his steam-powered vehicle was
able to travel on wheels on land and via a paddle wheel in the water.On 5 November 1895, George B. Selden was granted a United States patent for
a two-stroke automobile engine (U.S. Patent 549160). This patent did more
to hinder than encourage development of autos in the USA. A major
breakthrough came with the historic drive of Bertha
Benz in 1888. Steam,
electric, and gasoline powered autos competed for decades, with gasoline
internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s.
The large scale, production-line manufacturing of affordable automobiles